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北京——我姥姥喜欢讲自己在中华人民共和国成立后前几十年担任记者的故事。她回忆说,他们在喇叭里听到毛主席的最新声明时,会匆忙地记下来;在刚刚进行集体化改造的农村与愉快的农民交谈。她事业的亮点是把一名默默无闻的糖果销售员打造成了国家劳动英雄,热情洋溢地赞美他为人民服务的精神。 她在中部省份湖南省长大,父亲是地主。她说自己的母亲是一名忧郁的家庭主妇,怨恨丈夫在她没有生下男孩后娶了一个小老婆。 “共产党做了不少坏事,”姥姥在回忆结束时总会说,“但他们确实改善了妇女的生活。” 这句口头禅总结了人们对毛泽东在中国女性事业方面留下的遗产的普遍观点。每个中国学童在历史课上都曾学到,共产党将农民的女儿从城里的妓院救出来,把大门不出的妻子送进工厂,让她们从儒家父权制度的压迫和帝国主义威胁中得到解放。 但是,关于毛泽东治下女性地位全面提升的描述包含着一些需要额外说明的关键之处。 虽然共产党革命给女性带来了更多的工作机会,但也让她们的利益服从于集体目标。毛泽东的言论和政策止步于家门口,对减轻女性做家务和照看孩子等家庭负担几乎没有任何帮助。整个社会充斥着盲目颂扬革命成就的言论,女性失去了个性化语言,不能用之来理解和表达自己的个体感受。 史学家们在研究20世纪50年代中国农村的集体化时,发现情况很复杂。人们曾认为,该举措通过为农村女性提供就业机会,从而为她们赋权。虽然女性的确对集体农业生产做出了巨大贡献,但她们很少能升至可以做出决策的位置,在围绕丈夫的家庭和村庄关系建立的社区中,她们依然是外人。研究还发现,女性经常从事对体力有要求的劳动,但挣的比男性少,因为涉及大型动物或机械的对体力要求较低、最有价值的任务通常留给了男性。 城里的工作环境也不乐观。女性被派往集体社区作坊,薪水微薄,工作条件恶劣,而男性则更可能得到大企业和国有企业的舒适工作。党干部对此的解释反映出根深蒂固的性别偏见:女性体质更弱,脾气更温和,不太适合操作重型设备等繁重任务,或者去工厂工作。 共产党有时口头上支持共同承担家务,但在实践中,它纵容女性在家中继续保持从属地位。在海报和讲话中,社会主义女性偶像被描述为“铁娘子”,她们在钢铁熔炉前英勇地劳作,同时维持家庭的和谐。但那是一种以偏概全的方式,只关注让女性加入劳动队伍,无视她们在其他领域的感受。 去农村探访的人们看到农村妇女日夜不停地劳作:做饭、缝补衣服,以及在田里干完一天活后回家喂家畜。她们的处境令文革时期下放到农村的城市年轻人感到震惊,比如佛罗里达大西洋大学(Florida Atlantic University)的社会学教授张乃华(音)。文革时期,年轻的她在农村呆过一段时间,她认为农村婚姻完全抹杀了女性身份。 研究者还发现,结婚后,工厂女性的事业发展往往比男性慢,因为她们受到家庭责任束缚,几乎没时间学习新技能,承担额外工作,而这两项都是获得晋升的前提条件。承诺减轻她们负担的国家服务,比如公共托儿所,实际上很少,未能实现全面覆盖。与发达国家的女性不同,中国女性没有节省体力的家用电器,因为毛泽东的经济政策倾向于发展重工业,而非洗衣机和洗碗机等消费品的生产。 有些西方学者认为,这些现实相当于出现了“革命的延迟”。不过,学者们的结论与中国妇女们的看法恰恰相矛盾。 20世纪70年代,艾奥瓦大学(University of Iowa)的人类学教授玛格丽·沃尔夫(Margery Wolf)在中国进行实地调查时惊讶地发现,中国女性虽然继续遭受压迫,却热情歌颂妇女解放的奇迹。 “人们很容易将广泛宣传的性别平等理念当成现实,将问题视为旧制度和旧理念的残留,认为它们会随着时间的流逝而消失,”社会学家张乃华教授说。 国家进行政治宣传,不仅是为了招募女性加入劳动队伍,而且是为了塑造她们的自我观念。海报、教科书和报纸宣传的形象和故事缺乏独特的个人经历,在观点、价值和成就上将女性与男性相提并论。对工作场合的女性来说,遵循这种狭义的、可接受的女性形象就意味着她们不能看待、理解和谈论自己生活的本来面目,而是必须遵循党的理想中的面貌。 共产党政治宣传成功的一个表现是,在毛泽东时代公开讲述自己经历的女性完全是沿用官方言辞的。专门研究中国女性的人类学家伊丽莎白·克罗尔(Elisabeth Croll)注意到,在中华人民共和国成立后的前几十年里,所有公开讲述中国女性生活的文章都遵循着相同的套路,那就是,她们从被欺压的妻子和女儿转变为独立的社会主义工作者——这几乎已成为所有女性的故事。 在毛泽东去世40年后,人们依然通过他关于性别平等的著名口号“妇女能顶半边天”来理解他在这方面的遗产。姥姥说这句口号的语气跟她谈论毛主席的其他罪行和功绩并无二致。 她没有提到在动荡的革命运动中操持家务、养育三个孩子的辛苦。她也没有抱怨自己因丈夫政治成分不好而不能入党的事。当她提起,上级党领导在她事业刚开始有起色时劝她结婚,也只是轻声笑了一下。 尽管有这么多缺点,但共产主义革命让中国女性敢于胸怀宏大的梦想。在给我母亲提建议时,姥姥赞同女儿上研究生的决定,劝她找一个支持自己事业的丈夫。她似乎依然认为新的市场经济会最终让女性成为自己思想和行动的主人,因为市场经济是一种精英制度,鼓励自由选择。 毕竟,她总是对我母亲说,“你有更多机会。” ncG1vNJzZmibnmO7usDIppysZpOkunC7z6KloqeeZH9xfZZpcGtuX6y8rrHNZpqhoZ6WeqS7zKasp6GjqXqzsdWoo66smaS7cA%3D%3D

Doctor Writes Prescription Saying Grandma Can Hug Granddaughter After Vaccine

A grandmother who hadn't seen her family in months due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic finally got to hug her granddaughter after receiving a sweet doctor's permission. Evelyn Shaw told CNN that it had been a year since she was last able to share an embrace with her granddaughter, Ateret Frank. However, thanks to the vaccine and a surprise gift from her doctor — a prescription that stated she was allowed to hug her granddaughter — Evelyn finally got to reunite with her loved ones.

Jon Stewart's return to "The Daily Show" comes in different times

NEW YORK (AP) — As host of “The Daily Show” from 1999 to 2015, Jon Stewart changed comedy — and arguably journalism, too — with sharp, satirical takes on politics and current events. He became an essential part of the nation’s conversation. Now let’s see if he can turn back time. Stewart, who walked away from “The Daily Show” to much fanfare, returns to his old perch Monday night. He’s agreed to host each Monday through the election, and to executive produce the weeknight show for Comedy Central into next year to help it through another transition.

What Is Actress and Voice Actress Mae Whitmans Net Worth?

What Is Actress and Voice Actress Mae Whitman’s Net Worth? Share This Article ncG1vNJzZmilkae4psDRnpiloaOpe6S7zGiuoZmkYra0ecyanGavmJ7Brq3NrGSnnaRixLC%2B06FkoqZdZ31zf44%3D

'Mega' Factor Brings Attention To Sekhar Master's Son

Popular choreographer VJ Sekhar’s son Vinni is a known face on the television circuit as he appeared in lots of comedy shows as well as dance shows that the talented dance master is actually part of. And now, this youngster has shot to fame across Telugu states for his acts in the movie “Ante Sundaraniki”. Apparently, Vinni has played the role of Young Nani in the movie, and the episode featuring the young characters turned out to be interesting.

BabyMetal Band Complete profile, wiki, Members

Prev Article Next Article Its a famous Japanese Metal band consisting of three girls formed by the Amuse talent agency. Their debut came on Feb 26, 2014, with the  album “Babymetal“. Their vocal music is backed by Kami Band heavy metal instrumentation. Their first CD single came with collaboration with the band Kiba of Akiba. Band debuted with record label Ijime, Dame, Zettai. It was a huge hit and end up solding 19000 copies in its first week

Judge weighs FDA approval of abortion drug

A federal district judge heard oral arguments Wednesday in a controversial case that could decide the fate of the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the abortion drug mifepristone — a decision that would have broad ramifications nationwide. The case, Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA, could block access to mifepristone, which is used for abortions and for miscarriage management. Medication abortions, which involve taking mifepristone and a second drug, misoprostol, make up the majority of abortions in the United States.

Who Killed Buddy Blue? (1995) - | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related

Who Killed Buddy Blue? (1995) Run Time - 90 min.  |   Countries - United States  |   MPAA Rating - NR AllMovie Rating User Ratings (0) Your Rating Synopsis by Mark Deming The star of a porn film is killed while filming an orgy scene with several other actors, so a private eye is called in to dig through the dirty laundry of the adult film business (and boy, can it get dirty!

Brenda Warner & Kurt Warner: The Real Deal (Photos, Video)

Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner is married to the former Brenda Carney Meoni. The couple were united in marriage in October 1997. The active born-again Christians have been busy raising a house full of kids as well as working to bring further awareness to the developmentally disabled. Brenda Warner is a U.S. Marine corps veteran who brought two children from a previous marriage to her union with Kurt, a son Zachary and a daughter Jesse.

Can You Spot the Deadly Red and Yellow Snake Lurking in the Florida Pines?

An eagle-eyed photographer has shared a picture of a highly venomous snake he found hidden among the Florida undergrowth. The question is, can you see where the snake is hiding? Tommy Hamrick, an 18-year-old biology student at the University of Florida, took to the Facebook group Rare Encounters Photography to share a snap of the elusive reptile with his fellow animal lovers. Yet, despite sporting some vibrant stripes, the snake in the picture is so well hidden, many may struggle to even see where it is.